Andy Mason, MBBS, FRCPI

Area of Study / Keywords

Primary biliary cholangitis Anti-retroviral therapy Human betaretrovirus Breast cancer

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About

I trained as a Hepatologist in the UK at Kings College Hospital Liver Unit in London, and then as a Gastroenterology research fellow at Washington University, MO.  My first faculty position was at Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, where I was Medical Director of Liver Transplantation. In the laboratory, I cloned and characterized the human betaretrovirus in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. I relocated to Canada as an Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research Scholar and then was awarded a Senior Scholar award. I continued viral pathogenesis studies in the lab by developing betaretrovirus mouse models of primary biliary cholangitis and colitis. As the Director of The Applied Genomics Core, I set up microbiome studies and a viral metagenomics program with the necessary informatics support. 

Our laboratory effort has been directed towards studying cellular immune responses to HBRV and creating reproducible and robust diagnostic assays. We are constructing an interferon-γ release assay with Qiagen to study the prevalence of the human betaretrovirus in patients with breast and other cancers, liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease, and scleroderma.

Clinical Interests

In the clinic, I conduct investigator initiated randomized controlled trials using antiretroviral therapy to treat patients with primary biliary cholangitis.

 

I established the Canadian Network for Autoimmune Liver disease, with the Redcap database of more than 6,000 patients housed at the University of Alberta by Women and Children’s Health Research Institute.

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Research

1. Viral pathogenesis: Betaretrovirus trigger of mitochondrial/autoimmune phenotype in PBC     

We used representational difference analysis to identify retroviral sequences and then retroviral western blots prior to characterizing the human betaretrovirus in primary biliary cholangitis. In co-cultivation studies, the virus triggered the disease specific, mitochondrial phenotype in biliary epithelia, with overexpression of pyruvate dehydrogenase linked with the development of anti-mitochondrial antibodies. Several mouse models were identified with the related mouse mammary tumor virus infection that triggered the same mitochondrial phenotype and expressed antimitochondrial antibodies. Using cholangiocytes from liver transplant recipients, we characterized the phenotype linked with over-expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase similar to that described in mouse breast cancer metabolism secondary to mouse mammary tumor virus. The metabolic remodeling was driven by Wnt/b-catenin signaling resulting in glycolysis, hyperpolarized mitochondria and mitochondrial biogenesis.

2. Viral metagenomics program and study of human betaretrovirus in Crohn’s disease                                          

I developed a viral metagenomics program with the iCore Bioinformatics Chair, Gane Wong, using next generation sequencing. We found a novel virus in blood samples, and charactered increased mammalian viral load in the colon by RNAseq associated with human endogenous retrovirus expression and dysbiosis. In unpublished studies investigating stool samples, we identified betaretroviral sequences in acute colitis patients.  We have also followed up on spontaneous models of IBD with my colleague Karen Madsen to investigate whether endogenous viruses may emerge from the Sv/Ev IL-10 knockout mouse model to contribute to the development of colitis. This mouse has elevated colon levels of MMTV as compared to the wildtype and when treated with combination ART, we observed that the reduced viral load coincides with diminished colitis and modulation of the microbiome. 

3. Development of Betaretrovirus diagnostic assays                                                                                                       

 It has been challenging to demonstrate the presence of the human betaretrovirus infection in patients using standard techniques, such as PCR and ELISA. Accordingly, we used ligation mediated PCR and next generation sequencing to demonstrate betaretroviral integration sites, which is considered the gold standard for confirming the presence of retroviral infection. We created an ELISA assay using the human betaretrovirus Env protein, we observed an increased seroprevalence in patients with PBC (and breast cancer); but the seroprevalence was lower frequency than observed in the integration study, likely due to immunosuppressive domains in the Env protein that tolerize the host to infection, as reported in mice.  Accordingly, we have concentrated on constructing an interferon-γ release assay in collaboration with Qiagen and extended these prevalence studies to populations with breast cancer, scleroderma and inflammatory bowel disease.

4. Antiretroviral (ART) therapy for betaretrovirus cholangitis                                                                                         

We have repurposed HIV ART for betaretrovirus infection and conducted multiple in vitro and in vivo assays. The PBC mouse model NOD.c3c4 with MMTV cholangitis was used to test different CART regimens and demonstrate that viral inhibition leads to amelioration of biochemical and histological cholangitis. I have conducted investigator-initiated, randomized controlled trials for PBC patients using (i) zidovudine and lamivudine and (ii) tenofovir and emtricitabine and lopinavir boosted with ritonavir. While both studies did not meet their stated endpoints, a significant reduction in cholestatic liver tests was observed. Patients tolerating full dose combination antiretroviral therapy experienced a robust and sustained biochemical, histological and clinical improvement coinciding with reduction of viral load in the open label extension study. Notably, patients experienced relief from fatigue and itch with ART. Similar regimens have been used to stem severe recurrent disease following liver transplantation.

5. Canadian Network of Autoimmune Liver disease (CaNAL) and Global PBC 

I established CaNAL with a mandate to database autoimmune liver disease patients in Canada. A major project was to document increased severity of symptoms and worse prognosis in aboriginal population and this project is now being further developed to better document the increased prevalence of primary biliary cholangitis in coastal First Nations and the increased prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis in Prairie Indigenous communities. We have described the natural history, prognostic biomarkers and management plans for PBC with Global PBC. More recently, we have reported that recurrent PBC in liver transplant recipients resembles an infectious disease process because cholestatic liver tests soon after liver transplant signal – when the immunosuppression levels are highest - signals the subsequent development of recurrent disease.

See new HBRV Wiki site  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_betaretrovirus

Plagiannakos CG, Gideon Hirschfield, Ellina Lytvyak, Surain B Roberts, Ismail M, Gulamhusein AF, Selzner N, Qumosani KM, Worobetz L, Julian Hercun, Vincent C, Flemming JA, Swain MG, Cheung A, Chen T, Grbic D, Peltekain K, Mason AL, Montano-Loza AJ, Hansen BE, Canadian Network for Autoimmune Liver Disease (CaNAL)

Journal of hepatology. 2024 March; 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.021

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Charmaine van Eeden, Desiree Redmond, Naima Mohazab, Maggie J. Larché, Andrew L. Mason, jan willem cohen tervaert, Mohammed S. Osman

International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023 July; 10.3390/ijms241512057

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Rozanne C. de Veer, Maria C. van Hooff, Christophe Corpechot, Douglas Thorburn, Pietro Invernizzi, Willem J. Lammers, Harry L.A. Janssen, Pier M. Battezzati, Frederik Nevens, Keith D. Lindor, Annarosa Floreani, Cyriel Y. Ponsioen, Marlyn J. Mayo, Albert Parés, Andrew L. Mason, Kris V. Kowdley, Palak J. Trivedi, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Jorn C. Goet, Tony Bruns, George N. Dalekos, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Xavier Verhelst, Bettina E. Hansen, Maren H. Harms, Adriaan J. van der Meer, on behalf of the Global PBC Study Group

American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2023 July; 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002128

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Carla Fiorella Murillo Perez, Stephanie Ioannou, Iman Hassanally, Palak J. Trivedi, Christophe Corpechot, Adriaan J. van der Meer, Willem J. Lammers, Pier Maria Battezzati, Keith Lindor, Frederik Nevens, Kris V. Kowdley, Tony Bruns, Nora Cazzagon, Annarosa Floreani, A. L. Mason , Aliya Gulamhusein, Cyriel Y. Ponsioen, MARCO CARBONE, Ana Lleo, Marlyn J. Mayo, George Dalekos, Nikolaos K. Gatselis, Douglas Thorburn, Xavier Verhelst, Albert Parés, Maria-Carlota Londoño, Harry L. A. Janssen, Pietro Invernizzi, Raj Vuppalanchi, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Bettina E. Hansen, Cynthia Levy, the Global PBC Study Group

Liver International. 2023 July; 10.1111/liv.15592

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Heather Armstrong, Mandana Rahbari, Heekuk Park, David Sharon, Aducio Thiesen, Naomi Hotte, Ning Sun, Hussain Syed, Hiatem Abofayed, Weiwei Wang, Karen Madsen, Eytan Wine, Andrew Mason

Microbiome. 2023 March; 10.1186/s40168-023-01483-4

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Kumar Subramanian, SAIKAT PAUL, Andrew Libby, Patterson J, Arterbery A, James Knight, Castaldi C, Guilin Wang, Yaron Avitzur, MERCEDES MARTINEZ, Steven Lobritto, Deng Y, Geliang G, Kroemer A, Fishbein T, A. L. Mason , Margarita Dominguez-Villar, Malaiyalam Mariappan, Ekong UD

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2023 March; 10.4049/jimmunol.2100186

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Andrew L. Mason

Viruses. 2022 December; 10.3390/v14122792

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Umeshappa C.S., Solé P., Yamanouchi J., Mohapatra S., Surewaard B.G.J., Garnica J., Singha S., Mondal D., Cortés-Vicente E., D’Mello C., Mason A., Kubes P., Serra P., Yang Y., Santamaria P.

Nature Communications. 2022 December; 13 (1) 10.1038/s41467-022-30759-w

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Murillo Perez CF, Gerussi A, Trivedi PJ, Corpechot C, van der Meer AJ, Maria Battezzati P, Lindor KD, Nevens F, Kowdley KV, Tony Bruns, Cazzagon N, Floreani A, Tanaka A, Ma X, Mason AL, Gulamhusein A, Ponsioen CY, Carbone M, Lleo A, Mayo MJ, Dalekos GN, Gatselis NK, Thorburn D, Verhelst X, Parés A, Janssen HLA, Hirschfield GM, Hansen BE, Invernizzi P, Lammers WJ, GLOBAL PBC Study Group

European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology. 2022 November; 10.1097/meg.0000000000002464

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Christoph Schramm, Heiner Wedemeyer, Andrew Mason, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Cynthia Levy, Kris V. Kowdley, Piotr Milkiewicz, Ewa Janczewska, Elena Sergeevna Malova, Johanne Sanni, Phillip Koo, Jin Chen, Subhajit Choudhury, Lloyd B. Klickstein, Michael K. Badman, David Jones

JHEP Reports. 2022 November; 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100544

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Armstrong HK, Michael Bording-Jorgensen, Santer DM, Zhang Z, Valcheva R, Rieger AM, Sung-Ho Kim J, Dijk SI, Ramsha Mahmood, Ogungbola O, Jovel J, Moreau F, Gorman H, Dickner R, Jerasi J, Mander IK, Lafleur D, Cheng C, Petrova A, Jeanson TL, Mason A, Sergi CM, Levine A, Chadee K, Armstrong D, Rauscher S, Bernstein CN, Carroll MW, Huynh HQ, Walter J, Madsen KL, Dieleman LA, Eytan Wine

Gastroenterology. 2022 September; 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.09.034

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Rozanne C de Veer, Maren H Harms, Corpechot C, Thorburn D, Pietro Invernizzi, Janssen HLA, Battezzati PM, Nevens F, Keith Lindor, Floreani A, Ponsioen CY, Marlyn Mayo, Parés A, A. L. Mason , Kowdley KV, Trivedi PJ, Gideon Hirschfield, Tony Bruns, Dalekos GN, Gatselis NK, Xavier Verhelst, Lammers WJ, Hansen BE, van Buuren HR, van der Meer AJ, Global PBC Study Group

Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2022 September; 10.1111/apt.17226

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Murillo Perez CF, Fisher H, Shaun Hiu, Dorcas Kareithi, Adekunle F, Mayne T, Malecha E, Ness E, van der Meer AJ, Lammers WJ, Trivedi PJ, Battezzati PM, Nevens F, Kowdley KV, Bruns T, Cazzagon N, Floreani A, Mason AL, Parés A, Maria-Carlota Londoño, Invernizzi P, Carbone M, Lleo A, Mayo MJ, Dalekos GN, Gatselis NK, Thorburn D, Verhelst X, Gulamhusein A, Janssen HLA, Smith R, Flack S, Mulcahy V, Michael Trauner, Christopher Bowlus, Lindor KD, Corpechot C, Jones D, Mells G, Hirschfield GM, James Wason, Hansen BE, GLOBAL PBC Study Group and the members of the UK-PBC Consortium

Gastroenterology. 2022 September; 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.08.054

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Hussain Syed, Tara Penner, Andrew L. Mason

Viruses. 2022 August; 10.3390/v14091941

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Christoph Schramm, Heiner Wedemeyer, Andrew Mason, Gideon M. Hirschfield, Cynthia Levy, Kris V. Kowdley, Piotr Milkiewicz, Ewa Janczewska, Elena Sergeevna Malova, Johanne Sanni, Phillip Koo, Jin Chen, Subhajit Choudhury, Lloyd B. Klickstein, Michael K. Badman, David Jones

Journal of Hepatology Reports . 2022 July; 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100544

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Goubran M., Wang W., Indik S., Faschinger A., Wasilenko S.T., Bintner J., Carpenter E.J., Zhang G., Nuin P., Macintyre G., Wong G.K.S., Mason A.L.

Viruses. 2022 May; 14 (5) 10.3390/v14050886

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Mariam Goubran, Wang W, Indik S, Faschinger A, Wasilenko ST, Bintner J, Carpenter EJ, Zhang G, Nuin P, Macintyre G, Wong GK, Mason AL

Viruses. 2022 April; 10.3390/v14050886

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Surain B Roberts, Hirschfield GM, Worobetz LJ, Vincent C, Jennifer Flemming, Cheung A, Qumosani K, Swain M, Grbic D, Hin Hin Ko, Peltekian K, Nazia Selzner, Lusine Abrahamyan, Bishoi Aziz, Ellina Lytvyak, Tirona K, Gulamhusein AF, Janssen HLA, Montano-Loza AJ, Mason AL, Hansen BE, Canadian Network for Autoimmune Liver Disease (CaNAL)

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2022 March; 10.1002/hep.32426

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Turvey S.L., Saxinger L., Mason A.L.

Viruses. 2022 March; 14 (3) 10.3390/v14030516

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Bui D.T., Jung J., Kitova E.N., Li Z., Willows S.D., Boddington M.E., Kitov P.I., Mason A.L., Capicciotti C.J., Mahal L.K., Macauley M.S., Klassen J.S.

Analytical Chemistry. 2022 March; 94 (12):4997-5005 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04779

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Aldo J. Montano-Loza, Vincenzo Ronca, Ebadi M, Hansen BE, Gideon Hirschfield, Elwir S, Mohamad Alsaed, Milkiewicz P, Maciej Janik, Hanns-Ulrich Marschall, Burza MA, Efe C, Calışkan AR, Harputluoglu M, Kabaçam G, Terrabuio D, de Quadros Onofrio F, Selzner N, Bonder A, Parés A, Llovet L, Akyıldız M, Arikan C, Manns MP, Taubert R, Weber AL, Schiano TD, Haydel B, Czubkowski P, Socha P, Ołdak N, Akamatsu N, Tanaka A, Levy C, Martin EF, Goel A, Sedki M, Jankowska I, Ikegami T, Rodriguez M, Sterneck M, Weiler-Normann C, Schramm C, Donato MF, Lohse A, Andrade RJ, Patwardhan VR, van Hoek B, Biewenga M, Kremer AE, Ueda Y

Journal of hepatology. 2022 February; 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.022

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Jovel J, Nimaga A, Jordan T, O'Keefe S, Patterson J, Thiesen A, Hotte N, Michael Bording-Jorgensen, Subedi S, Hamilton J, Carpenter EJ, Béatrice Lauga, Elahi S, Madsen KL, Wong GK, Mason AL

Frontiers in microbiology. 2022 February; 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829378

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Roberts S.B., Hirschfield G.M., Worobetz L.J., Vincent C., Flemming J.A., Cheung A., Qumosani K., Swain M., Grbic D., Ko H.H., Peltekian K., Selzner N., Abrahamyan L., Aziz B., Lytvyak E., Tirona K., Gulamhusein A.F., Janssen H.L.A., Montano-Loza A.J., Mason A.L., Hansen B.E.

Hepatology. 2022 February; 76 (2):303-316 10.1002/hep.32426

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Jovel J., Nimaga A., Jordan T., O’Keefe S., Patterson J., Thiesen A., Hotte N., Bording-Jorgensen M., Subedi S., Hamilton J., Carpenter E.J., Lauga B., Elahi S., Madsen K.L., Wong G.K.S., Mason A.L.

Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022 February; 13 10.3389/fmicb.2022.829378

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Montano-Loza A.J., Ronca V., Ebadi M., Hansen B.E., Hirschfield G., Elwir S., Alsaed M., Milkiewicz P., Janik M.K., Marschall H.U., Burza M.A., Efe C., Caliskan A.R., Harputluoglu M., Kabaçam G., Terrabuio D., de Quadros Onofrio F., Selzner N., Bonder A., Parés A., Llovet L., Akyildiz M., Arikan C., Manns M.P., Taubert R., Weber A.L., Schiano T.D., Haydel B., Czubkowski P., Socha P., Oldak N., Akamatsu N., Tanaka A., Levy C., Martin E.F., Goel A., Sedki M., Jankowska I., Ikegami T., Rodriguez M., Sterneck M., Weiler-Normann C., Schramm C., Donato M.F., Lohse A., Andrade R.J., Patwardhan V.R., van Hoek B., Biewenga M., Kremer A.E., Ueda Y., Deneau M., Pedersen M., Mayo M.J., Floreani A., Burra P., Secchi M.F., Beretta-Piccoli B.T., Sciveres M., Maggiore G., Jafri S.M., Debray D., Girard M., Lacaille F., Lytvyak E., Mason A.L., Heneghan M., Oo Y.H.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY. 2022 February; 77 (1):84-97 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.022

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Ebadi M., Ip S., Lytvyak E., Asghari S., Rider E., Mason A., Montano-Loza A.J.

Nutrients. 2022 January; 14 (4) 10.3390/nu14040878

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Linh Nguyen, Kelli McCord, Duong Bui, Kim M Bouwman, Kitova EN, Mohamed Elaish, Kumawat D, Daskhan GC, Ilhan Tomris, Han L, Pradeep Chopra, Tzu-Jing Yang, Steven Willows, Mason AL, Lara K. Mahal, Todd Lowary, Lori West, Shang-Te Danny Hsu, Hobman T, Stephen Tompkins, Geert-Jan Boons, Robert de Vries, Matthew Macauley, John Klassen

Nature chemical biology. 2021 November; 10.1038/s41589-021-00924-1

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Nguyen L., McCord K.A., Bui D.T., Bouwman K.M., Kitova E.N., Elaish M., Kumawat D., Daskhan G.C., Tomris I., Han L., Chopra P., Yang T.J., Willows S.D., Mason A.L., Mahal L.K., Lowary T.L., West L.J., Hsu S.T.D., Hobman T., Tompkins S.M., Boons G.J., de Vries R.P., Macauley M.S., Klassen J.S.

Nature Chemical Biology. 2021 November; 18 (1):81-90 10.1038/s41589-021-00924-1

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HEPATOLOGY. 2021 November;

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Lytvyak E., Niazi M., Pai R., He D., Zhang G., Hübscher S.G., Mason A.L.

LIVER INTERNATIONAL. 2021 August; 41 (8):1879-1883 10.1111/liv.14964

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Ellina Lytvyak, Mina Niazi, Rohit Pai, Daniel He, Guangzhi Zhang, Stefan G. Hübscher, Andrew L. Mason

Liver International. 2021 August; 10.1111/liv.14964

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EASL International Liver Congress. Journal of Hepatology. 2021 July;

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EASL International Liver Congress. Journal of Hepatology . 2021 July;

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EASL International Liver Congress. Journal of Hepatology . 2021 July;

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EASL International Liver Congress. Journal of Hepatology . 2021 July;

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EASL International Liver Congress. Journal of Hepatology. 2021 July;

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Asselta R., Paraboschi E.M., Gerussi A., on behalf of PBC Consortia; Canadian PBC Consortium; Chinese PBC Consortium; Italian PBC Study Group; Japan-PBC-GWAS Consortium; US PBC Consortium; UK-PBC Consortium

GASTROENTEROLOGY. 2021 June; 160 (7):2483-2495.e26 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.061

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Cordell H.J., Fryett J.J., Ueno K., Darlay R., Aiba Y., Hitomi Y., Kawashima M., Nishida N., Khor S.S., Gervais O., Kawai Y., Nagasaki M., Tokunaga K., Tang R., Shi Y., Li Z., Juran B.D., Atkinson E.J., Gerussi A., Carbone M., Asselta R., Cheung A., de Andrade M., Baras A., Horowitz J., Ferreira M.A.R., Sun D., Jones D.E., Flack S., Spicer A., Mulcahy V., Byan J., Han Y., Sandford R.N., Lazaridis K.N., Amos C.I., Hirschfield G.M., Seldin M.F., Invernizzi P., Siminovitch K.A., Ma X., Nakamura M., Mells G., Mason A., , Affronti A., Almasio P.L., Alvaro D., Andreone P., Andriulli A., Azzaroli F., Battezzati P.M., Benedetti A., Bragazzi M.C., Brunetto M., Bruno S., Calvaruso V., Cardinale V., Casella G., Cazzagon N., Ciaccio A., Coco B., Colli A., Colloredo G., Colombo M., Colombo S., Cristoferi L., Cursaro C., Crocè L.S., Crosignani A., D'Amato D., Donato F., Elia G., Fabris L., Fagiuoli S., Ferrari C., Floreani A., Galli A., Giannini E., Grattagliano I., Lampertico P., Lleo A., Malinverno F., Mancuso C., Marra F., Marzioni M., Massironi S., Mattalia A., Miele L., Milani C., Morini L., Morisco F., Muratori L., Muratori P., Niro G.A., O'Donnell S., Picciotto A., Portincasa P., Rigamonti C., Ronca V., Rosina F., Spinzi G., Strazzabosco M., Tarocchi M., Tiribelli C., Toniutto P., Valenti L., Vinci M., Zuin M., Nakamura H., Abiru S., Nagaoka S., Komori A., Yatsuhashi H., Ishibashi H., Ito M., Migita K., Ohira H., Katsushima S., Naganuma A., Sugi K., Komatsu T., Mannami T., Matsushita K., Yoshizawa K., Makita F., Nikami T., Nishimura H., Kouno H., Kouno H., Ota H., Komura T., Nakamura Y., Shimada M., Hirashima N., Komeda T., Ario K., Nakamuta M., Yamashita T., Furuta K., Kikuchi M., Naeshiro N., Takahashi H., Mano Y., Tsunematsu S., Yabuuchi I., Shimada Y., Yamauchi K., Sugimoto R., Sakai H., Mita E., Koda M., Tsuruta S., Kamitsukasa H., Sato T., Masaki N., Kobata T., Fukushima N., Ohara Y., Muro T., Takesaki E., Takaki H., Yamamoto T., Kato M., Nagaoki Y., Hayashi S., Ishida J., Watanabe Y., Kobayashi M., Koga M., Saoshiro T., Yagura M., Hirata K., Tanaka A., Takikawa H., Zeniya M., Abe M., Onji M., Kaneko S., Honda M., Arai K., Arinaga-Hino T., Hashimoto E., Taniai M., Umemura T., Joshita S., Nakao K., Ichikawa T., Shibata H., Yamagiwa S., Seike M., Honda K., Sakisaka S., Takeyama Y., Harada M., Senju M., Yokosuka O., Kanda T., Ueno Y., Kikuchi K., Ebinuma H., Himoto T., Yasunami M., Murata K., Mizokami M., Kawata K., Shimoda S., Miyake Y., Takaki A., Yamamoto K., Hirano K., Ichida T., Ido A., Tsubouchi H., Chayama K., Harada K., Nakanuma Y., Maehara Y., Taketomi A., Shirabe K., Soejima Y., Mori A., Yagi S., Uemoto S., H E., Tanaka T., Yamashiki N., Tamura S., Sugawara Y., Kokudo N., Chalasani N., Luketic V., Odin J., Chopra K., Abecasis G., Cantor M., Coppola G., Economides A., Lotta L.A., Overton J.D., Reid J.G., Shuldiner A., Beechert C., Forsythe C., Fuller E.D., Gu Z., Lattari M., Lopez A., Schleicher T.D., Padilla M.S., Toledo K., Widom L., Wolf S.E., Pradhan M., Manoochehri K., Ulloa R.H., Bai X., Balasubramanian S., Barnard L., Blumenfeld A., Eom G., Habegger L., Hawes A., Khalid S., Maxwell E.K., Salerno W., Staples J.C., Jones M.B., Mitnaul L.J., Sturgess R., Healey C., Yeoman A., Gunasekera A.V., Kooner P., Kapur K., Sathyanarayana V., Kallis Y., Subhani J., Harvey R., McCorry R., Rooney P., Ramanaden D., Evans R., Mathialahan T., Gasem J., Shorrock C., Bhalme M., Southern P., Tibble J.A., Gorard D.A., Jones S., Mells G., Mulcahy V., Srivastava B., Foxton M.R., Collins C.E., Elphick D., Karmo M., Porras-Perez F., Mendall M., Yapp T., Patel M., Ede R., Sayer J., Jupp J., Fisher N., Carter M.J., Koss K., Shah J., Piotrowicz A., Scott G., Grimley C., Gooding I.R., Williams S., Tidbury J., Lim G., Cheent K., Levi S., Mansour D., Beckley M., Hollywood C., Wong T., Marley R., Ramage J., Gordon H.M., Ridpath J., Ngatchu T., Bob Grover V.P., Shidrawi R.G., Abouda G., Corless L., Narain M., Rees I., Brown A., et al.

Journal of Hepatology. 2021 June; 75 (3):572-581 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.055

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JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY. 2021 May; 75 (3):572-581 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.055

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